I used to know my brother as a kind person. As a kid the whole member of the family adores him. It seems that every little thing do circulate on his favor. At that time there were still three kids in our family-Me, my sis and my brother. When the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th members of our family came the attention diverted away from my brother. He has given less attention and resorted into drugs. I know that he has a kindness in him. Every member of the family is now rude to him because he has now the tendency of stealing valuable things in the house. My Sisters don't have a peace of mind when our brother is around. Me being an older sister feel so sorry for my brother. I hope there is some way we can help him. My brother used to be kind. He is so easy to talk with. He is softs poken. He is full of ambition but now he is always overcome by urge to be drug. I know one way to help is to turn him into Drug Rehab. He tried to change many times. He tried to overcoming the resistance to use drug but he couldn't do it alone. He needs the help of an expert. An expert that removes drug dependency in a gradual manner. This can only be done if we will turn over him to Drug Rehab Center. He really needs a Drug Rehabilitation program that has many options like Individual Therapy, Group Therapy, Therapy Based Excursions, Art Therapy, Health and Wellness Program, Healthy Meal Planning Program, and Spirituality Workshop.I'm really sure that drug dependency will be overcome if one is expose to this different drug rehabilitation program. I know there is still a way. A chance to change for the sake of his own family.
2011/02/11
2011/02/08
Reaping in Joy
Reaping in joy for all patients, hardwork and hope on keeping the best online slots real money. We reap the labor of one of our co-worker because she won several times by playing online games. She plays several games online and she by whatever luck bestowed on her keeps on winning when playing any of the games from bestonlinerouletteforrealmoney.com. I have had my luck as well but not as frequent as her luck. Maybe, her secret is by being so generous. She always treats us every time she won an online game. She really recommends to us some of the top online casinos for real money. Lots of users keep on visiting this site and the more players the more chances of winning the merrier it becomes. Just like us in our office if one of us wins then all of us will shout and jump for joy because feast follows. We aren't ashame of this vice its a sort of fun for us. At least we'll have chances of getting big bucks and at the same time were having great time. For us we haven't lost anything. All we've got is Fun!
2011/02/02
Operations with Events: Intersection, Union, Complement
an anodyne makes you feel good
Probability, Event
Recall:
Experiment is defined as an activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions, and which can result in an outcome.
Ex. 1. Tossing a coin
2. Rolling a die
Sample Space- is the set of all possible outcome.
Ex. 1. Sample space for tossing a die is {Head, Tail}
2. rolling a die sample space is {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event- is any subset of a sample space.
Ex. 1. In tossing a coin Head is one event and Tail is another possible event. Formula: [1 *2(H,T)]=2 events
2. In Rolling a die, 1 is one event the same thing as 2, 3, 4, or as another event.
Formula (1*6=6 events)
Ex 3. Enumerate the possible events of tossing three coins. Formula 2* 2*2= 8 events
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT
Ex. 4 Enumerate the possible events of rolling 2 dice. Formula 6*6= 36
Experiment is defined as an activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions, and which can result in an outcome.
Ex. 1. Tossing a coin
2. Rolling a die
Sample Space- is the set of all possible outcome.
Ex. 1. Sample space for tossing a die is {Head, Tail}
2. rolling a die sample space is {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event- is any subset of a sample space.
Ex. 1. In tossing a coin Head is one event and Tail is another possible event. Formula: [1 *2(H,T)]=2 events
2. In Rolling a die, 1 is one event the same thing as 2, 3, 4, or as another event.
Formula (1*6=6 events)
Ex 3. Enumerate the possible events of tossing three coins. Formula 2* 2*2= 8 events
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT
Ex. 4 Enumerate the possible events of rolling 2 dice. Formula 6*6= 36
Random experiment
Random experiment- is a process or procedure, repeatable under basically the same condition, leading to well-defined
outcomes. It is random because we can never tell in advance what the realization is going to be even if we can specify
what the possible outcomes are:
Example 1:
Consider the process of tossing an ordinary coin once. It is a random experiment because it is a process. We can repeat
the tossing of coin under basically the same environmental conditions. This repetition is commonly called trial. When
the coin is tossed once we can tell in advance that the coin will land with face head up or face tail up. Ignoring the
unusual possibility that the coin will land on its edge. In simple terms, we can say that the possible outcomes are head
or tail. This experiment has been considered as a classic example.
While everyone can understand what experiment is, few realize that this simple examples serves as a model for real-world
phenomena where there are only two possible outcomes. Some examples are the following:
- the sex of unborn child is either a male or a female;
- a student will either pass or fail a subject; and
- a business will either profit or loss.
Example 2:
Consider the experiment of recording the number of cars pulling up at a sevice station for gasoline per day. This is random
experiment because recording is a process. The process can be repeated tomorrow or next week. We know that on any day there
will be no customer or one or two, and so on.
Example 3:
An agriculturist may be interested in the yield of a new variety of rice. He plants this variety in a field and records the
yield in Kg/ha. This is a random experiment because planting and recording of the yield can eventually be repeated in a
different farm or in another season. In any trial, the reseacher knows that the yield will be zero (if a storm wiped out
the crop) or it can be any positive number.
Further Definitions(taken from http://www.mathgoodies.com/)
An experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes.
Example: In the problem above, the experiment is spinning the spinner.
An outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment.
Example: The possible outcomes are landing on yellow, blue, green or red.
An event is one or more outcomes of an experiment.
Example:One event of this experiment is landing on blue.
Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.
Example: The probability of landing on blue is one fourth.
Fill in the blank by indicating if the case is an experiment, outcome, event, or probability.
________1. Tossing a coin
________2. Rolling a double 6-sided die
________3. Choosing a marble from a jar
________4. Rolling a pair of dice
________5. Landing on blue
________6. choosing 3 marbles from a jar
________7. Choose a number at random from 1 to 5
________8. Choose a letter at random from the word LOVE
________9. 1/2 chances of getting the correct answer.
________10. 1/6 chances of getting the number 6 in a 6-sided die.
Elementary Statistic by Reyes C.Z & Saren L.L.
outcomes. It is random because we can never tell in advance what the realization is going to be even if we can specify
what the possible outcomes are:
Example 1:
Consider the process of tossing an ordinary coin once. It is a random experiment because it is a process. We can repeat
the tossing of coin under basically the same environmental conditions. This repetition is commonly called trial. When
the coin is tossed once we can tell in advance that the coin will land with face head up or face tail up. Ignoring the
unusual possibility that the coin will land on its edge. In simple terms, we can say that the possible outcomes are head
or tail. This experiment has been considered as a classic example.
While everyone can understand what experiment is, few realize that this simple examples serves as a model for real-world
phenomena where there are only two possible outcomes. Some examples are the following:
- the sex of unborn child is either a male or a female;
- a student will either pass or fail a subject; and
- a business will either profit or loss.
Example 2:
Consider the experiment of recording the number of cars pulling up at a sevice station for gasoline per day. This is random
experiment because recording is a process. The process can be repeated tomorrow or next week. We know that on any day there
will be no customer or one or two, and so on.
Example 3:
An agriculturist may be interested in the yield of a new variety of rice. He plants this variety in a field and records the
yield in Kg/ha. This is a random experiment because planting and recording of the yield can eventually be repeated in a
different farm or in another season. In any trial, the reseacher knows that the yield will be zero (if a storm wiped out
the crop) or it can be any positive number.
Further Definitions(taken from http://www.mathgoodies.com/)
An experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes.
Example: In the problem above, the experiment is spinning the spinner.
An outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment.
Example: The possible outcomes are landing on yellow, blue, green or red.
An event is one or more outcomes of an experiment.
Example:One event of this experiment is landing on blue.
Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.
Example: The probability of landing on blue is one fourth.
Fill in the blank by indicating if the case is an experiment, outcome, event, or probability.
________1. Tossing a coin
________2. Rolling a double 6-sided die
________3. Choosing a marble from a jar
________4. Rolling a pair of dice
________5. Landing on blue
________6. choosing 3 marbles from a jar
________7. Choose a number at random from 1 to 5
________8. Choose a letter at random from the word LOVE
________9. 1/2 chances of getting the correct answer.
________10. 1/6 chances of getting the number 6 in a 6-sided die.
Elementary Statistic by Reyes C.Z & Saren L.L.
Explain the concepts related to probability
Explain the concepts related to probability
Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.It is a tool that helps us to predict
a possible occuring event mathematically. Prediction would then later help us to prepare
ourselves with any untoward incedents. Probility are even widely used in predicting the
weather.Probability for many people can be a basis of any decision makings.
Statistics for Filipino Students 3rd ed. by Batacan C.A., et.al
Probability is describe further in a case if a n even can happen in b ways and fail in f
way and all these events are equally likely to occur, then the probability of its
happening P(H), is h/h+f and the probability of its failing is P(F), is h/h+f.
For example, if one chip is to be drawn from a box containing 3 red and 5 yellow chips,
the probability of drawing a red chip is 3/8 and the probability of drawing a yellow chip
is 5/8.
On the probability scale a probability of 1 for an event to happen means it is certain to
happen, while the probability of O means that it will never happen. If P(H) is the
probability that an event will happen, then P(F)= 1-P(H) is the probability of its failing
to happen.
Try this (taken from http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/intro_probability.html)
1. What is the probability of choosing a vowel from the alphabet?
ans. 5/26
2. A number from 1-11 is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing an odd number?
Ans. 6/11
3. A number from 1-11 is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing an even number?
Ans. 5/11
Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.It is a tool that helps us to predict
a possible occuring event mathematically. Prediction would then later help us to prepare
ourselves with any untoward incedents. Probility are even widely used in predicting the
weather.Probability for many people can be a basis of any decision makings.
Statistics for Filipino Students 3rd ed. by Batacan C.A., et.al
Probability is describe further in a case if a n even can happen in b ways and fail in f
way and all these events are equally likely to occur, then the probability of its
happening P(H), is h/h+f and the probability of its failing is P(F), is h/h+f.
For example, if one chip is to be drawn from a box containing 3 red and 5 yellow chips,
the probability of drawing a red chip is 3/8 and the probability of drawing a yellow chip
is 5/8.
On the probability scale a probability of 1 for an event to happen means it is certain to
happen, while the probability of O means that it will never happen. If P(H) is the
probability that an event will happen, then P(F)= 1-P(H) is the probability of its failing
to happen.
Try this (taken from http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/intro_probability.html)
1. What is the probability of choosing a vowel from the alphabet?
ans. 5/26
2. A number from 1-11 is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing an odd number?
Ans. 6/11
3. A number from 1-11 is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing an even number?
Ans. 5/11
2011/02/01
Analyze the results
To analyze a result one must look for
- relationships
- directly related (positively correlated)
- inversely related (negatively correlated)
2. differences
3. Similarities observed from data.
Every Analysis must be accompanied with table or graph and most especially with statistical computation.
Example:
Laurie J. Dizney and Luis A. Ruedas
Increased Host Species Diversity and Decreased Prevalence of Sin Nombre Virus
Laurie J. Dizney and Luis A. Ruedas
Author affiliation: Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Vol. 15, No. 7 • July 2009
Figure. Results of the nonlinear regression analysis between species diversity (expressed as Simpson diversity index, Ds) and Sin Nombre virus prevalence among deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) at each of 5 parks in Portland, Oregon, USA. The best fit model was of the form Y = x / (ax + b), R2 of 0.9994, p = 0.00001. The figure represents a summary of the results in that it shows the averages of all the seasons, in all years, in each park (indicated by circles). A regression using individual seasons and parks shows the same results.
2. Title:The effect of methylphenidate on oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Analysis:
Patients fulfilled an average of 4.9 criteria in their pre-treatment evaluation, compared to 1.8 criteria in their post-treatment evaluation. The difference between these averages, reached statistical significance (p=0.004). Since one of the patients was undergoing psychotherapy, we conducted the same analysis without this patient and it still reached statistical significance (p= 0.008). Table 2 shows the fulfillment of diagnostic criteria in baseline and end evaluations.
Twelve patients were screened, assigned to the treatment group and initiated therapy.
Two patients (16%) dropped out of the study because of non-compliance with repeated medical appointments. The sample comprised 10 patients, six male patients, four female patients, aged 6 to 14 years. The mean time lag between first and last evaluation was 113.7 days. The mean daily dosage of methylphenidate was 23.5 mg.
Nine of the 10 patients who completed the protocol stopped fulfilling diagnostic criteria for ODD in their post-treatment evaluation a month or more after their ADHD symptoms were controlled. Table 1 shows the ADHD symptoms before and after treatment.
Draw or construct the graph
Select the appropriate graph:
•Pie chart – is used for percentages, ratio and proportion, rates and derived data
•Bar graph is used for categorical data.
•Histogram – is used for data measured on an interval scale
•Frequency polygon – is used for continuous data and is similar to histogram . It is obtained from histogram by joining the midpoints of the top of each bar.
•Cumulative plot - depicts a set of quantitative data. The horizontal scale is the data values while the vertical scale indicates the proportion of the observation less than or equal to a particular value
•Scatter plot or scatter diagram – illustrates effectively the relationship between two measures. In it every point represents a pair of values, such as values of different measures taken on the same person.
- Line graph - is used for continuous range of measurement. It allows one to interpolate or infer the value of points on a graph that were not directly measured. It is appropriate for data where intervals of recorded data have meaning
- Tree diagram – is used oftenly to help in making decisions. It displays in temporal sequence possible types of actions or outcomes.
Always be reminded that the independent variable is placed in the x-axis while the dependent variable is placed in y-axis of the graph.
Show the Raw Data
Raw Data- are the unorganized quantitative (numerical) or qualitative values taken from an instrument used in the study.
Instruments such as:
Instruments such as:
- Weighing Scale for weights
- Ph Meter for Acidity or Basicity
- Graduated Cylinder for volume
- Bioassay for Bacterial susceptibility
- Decibel Meter for measuring sounds
- Barometer for measuring pressure
- Thermometer for measuring Temperature
- Voltammeter for measuring trace metals
- Response of respondents for studies involving survey
Example of a raw data:
State how Sample was selected
Sample is a statistically valid number taken from the population as bases for the generalization.
Advantages:
1. Less expensive;
2. Shorter period of the conduct of the study and
3. Less effort will be exerted by the researcher it is
because researcher will only be dealing with smaller number of subjects or respondents.
Formula (by Slovin, 1960) to get a statistically valid number of sample:
where:
n= sample size
N= population size
e= desired margin of error (for medicinal study .01/for behavioral .05)
One must also select an appropriate sampling technique such as simple random, stratified, cluster and systematic sampling.
Always be reminded that description of the selection of the sample must be clearly written in any research paper.
Sampling procedure must be found in the methodology.
Example of Research Sample:
1. Title "Effect of Rice Blast and Sheath Blight on Physical Properties
of Selected Rice Cultivars":
Statement of the research sample selection:
Rice samples from naturally infected panicles, as well as samples
from blast-free panicles of rice cultivar LaGrue were collected by
hand from three producers’ fields in Lodge Corner (two sites) and
Ulm, AR. The samples were analyzed for bulk density (mass per
unit volume) and head rice yield.
Environmental conditions during the 1998 cropping season were
not favorable for blast development in the state of Arkansas. Hence,
only one cultivar and one location were available for sampling. Rough
rice samples from blast-free and naturally infected panicles of rice
cultivar M202 were collected from varietal performance trial plots
in Pocahontas, AR, on September 12, 1998. The design structure
for this varietal performance trial was a randomized complete block
design with four replicates. Blast-free and blast-infected panicles of
M202 were collected by hand and hand-threshed individually. Four
samples (or replicates) of rough rice each weighing ≈300 g from
blast-free and blast-infected panicles were collected. Additionally,
20 blast-free and 20 blast-infected panicles per replicate were collected.
From these panicles, the number of unfilled kernels was
counted to determine the percentage of unfilled kernels per panicle.
2. Title: Possible Role of Human Amniotic Membrane as a Radioprotector of the Gastrointestinal System.
Statement of the research Sample selection:
Sixteen male, International Cancer Research (ICR) strain mice, 3-5 weeks old,
approximately of the same weight, were acquired
from the Bureau of AnimalIndustry.
Advantages:
1. Less expensive;
2. Shorter period of the conduct of the study and
3. Less effort will be exerted by the researcher it is
because researcher will only be dealing with smaller number of subjects or respondents.
Write up for sample selection mus be based on the:
1. appropriateness in terms of number and source to ensure validity of the study.
2. Biasness must be avoided.
3. specifying the sampling technique used in the study.
3. specifying the sampling technique used in the study.
Formula (by Slovin, 1960) to get a statistically valid number of sample:
where:
n= sample size
N= population size
e= desired margin of error (for medicinal study .01/for behavioral .05)
One must also select an appropriate sampling technique such as simple random, stratified, cluster and systematic sampling.
Always be reminded that description of the selection of the sample must be clearly written in any research paper.
Sampling procedure must be found in the methodology.
Example of Research Sample:
1. Title "Effect of Rice Blast and Sheath Blight on Physical Properties
of Selected Rice Cultivars":
Statement of the research sample selection:
Rice samples from naturally infected panicles, as well as samples
from blast-free panicles of rice cultivar LaGrue were collected by
hand from three producers’ fields in Lodge Corner (two sites) and
Ulm, AR. The samples were analyzed for bulk density (mass per
unit volume) and head rice yield.
Environmental conditions during the 1998 cropping season were
not favorable for blast development in the state of Arkansas. Hence,
only one cultivar and one location were available for sampling. Rough
rice samples from blast-free and naturally infected panicles of rice
cultivar M202 were collected from varietal performance trial plots
in Pocahontas, AR, on September 12, 1998. The design structure
for this varietal performance trial was a randomized complete block
design with four replicates. Blast-free and blast-infected panicles of
M202 were collected by hand and hand-threshed individually. Four
samples (or replicates) of rough rice each weighing ≈300 g from
blast-free and blast-infected panicles were collected. Additionally,
20 blast-free and 20 blast-infected panicles per replicate were collected.
From these panicles, the number of unfilled kernels was
counted to determine the percentage of unfilled kernels per panicle.
2. Title: Possible Role of Human Amniotic Membrane as a Radioprotector of the Gastrointestinal System.
Statement of the research Sample selection:
Sixteen male, International Cancer Research (ICR) strain mice, 3-5 weeks old,
approximately of the same weight, were acquired
from the Bureau of AnimalIndustry.
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